Currency Symbols

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Currency symbols appear frequently in typeset copy. In the United States it’s the dollar and cent signs that are most commonly used, but others are often seen as well. Here’s a roundup of the currency symbols found in the character complement of most fonts.British Sterling
The British Sterling, commonly referred to as the pound, is still the currency in England, Scotland and the United Kingdom’s territories. The pound symbol looks like a calligraphic capital L with a crossbar through it. It can be typed on a Mac by pressing option+3. In a Windows environment, the pound symbol is accessed with the alt key+0163.
Yen
The yen is the standard monetary unit of Japan. Its symbol looks like a cap Y with a double crossbar through the bottom half. The Mac keystroke for the yen symbol is option+y. Within Windows, the yen symbol is accessed by using the alt key+0165.
Florin
The Dutch florin (also called the guilder or gulden) was the basic unit of money in the Netherlands until it was replaced by the euro. The florin symbol looks like a swash lowercase ‘f’. The keystrokes on a Mac for the florin symbol are option+f. In Windows, use the alt key+0131.
Euro
Since 2002, the euro has been the exclusive currency of 12 European countries, including Austria, Belgium, Finland, France (except Pacific territories using the CFP franc), Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain. The euro symbol looks like a capital C with a double crossbar.
Both Apple and Microsoft have included euro symbols in fonts distributed with their operating systems and applications since 1998, and most fonts released since then contain the euro symbol (it replaces the little-used international currency symbol). The euro symbol can be accessed on a Mac by pressing shift+option+2, and within Windows by using the alt key+0128.
Many foundries have remanufactured their font libraries to include the euro mark, and include the symbol in new releases. Others have offered freely available fonts that contain euro glyphs in various weights and styles, designed to blend in with a wide range of typestyles.Editor’s Note: Ilene Strizver, founder of The Type Studio, is a typographic consultant, designer and writer specializing in all aspects of typographic communication. Read more about typography in her latest literary effort, Type Rules!, published by North Light Books.

NAGASAKI MAP OF 1855 WHEN US FIRST LANDED

the accidental landing of a Portuguese ship in 1542 at Kagoshima Prefecture, the zealous Christian missionary Francis Xavier arrived in another part of the territory in 1549. Xavier, left for China in 1551 (dying soon after departure), but his followers converted a number of daimyo(warlords), the most notable of whom was Omura Sumitada. His conversion was to prove profitable, as a deal was struck in which he would receive a proportion of the trade from Portuguese ships at a port that the two parties established in 1571. This port was Nagasaki.

It would not take long before the little harbor village bloomed into a diverse port city. Its cosmopolitan fame spread quickly, with people all over Japan craving things Portuguese, such as tobacco, bread, tempura, sponge-cake and clothing. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods of Chinese origin.

The port's prosperity was threatened, however, in 1587, when a new Japanese shogun, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, came to power. His anxiety over the extent of Christian influence in southern Japan caused him to order the expulsion of all missionaries. Nagasaki's administrative control, which had been given in part to Jesuits by Omura, returned to imperial control. Nevertheless, Portuguese traders were not ostracized, and the city's culture continued to thrive.

In 1596, the captain of a Spanish galleon crashed in Shikoku, only to have his ship impounded. He boasted that with the increased numbers of Christians, he could oust the shogun. To discourage such threats, Hideyoshi lost no time in marching the captain around the country in disgrace. Later, in Nagasaki City he would crucify 26 Christians--Franciscans and a few Japanese - as a further deterrent.

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